To determine the health care resource use and costs of patients with glaucoma or ocular hypertension in the Netherlands during the first 2 years after primary diagnosis, we performed a study based on retrospective chart review. Data of 200 patients and their health care resource use were collected in five hospitals. Unit-prices were calculated using micro costing in two hospitals. The mean 2-year costs per patient were estimated to be US$ 877. Outpatient visits to the ophthalmologist and medications were the cost-driving factors, and were responsible for 40 and 30% of total costs, respectively. Total costs were considered to be low, when compared to the estimated costs per patient in Sweden and the USA. In multiple least-squares regression only baseline IOP-value, the change in IOP-value between baseline and the next visit and the hospital of treatment were significantly related with total costs. The variation in costs between patients largely depended on whether or not a patient had undergone surgery.