The rapid incidence rise of cutaneous melanoma resulted in an increasing interest in this particular tumor. During the last years public prevention campaigns enlarged the awareness of melanoma, subsequently as a direct effect the mean tumor thickness of melanoma, the most predictable prognostic factor, decreased. Moreover, the biology of melanoma initiation and metastasis has been studied extensively with special interest in molecular biology. Controlled clinical studies answered several critical questions in respect to the standard care of surgery in melanoma. Yet, the guidelines for the surgical treatment of head and neck melanoma are in accordance to that of other localisations with reduced safety margins around the primary tumor. Elective (prophylactic) lymph node dissection (ELND) of regional lymph nodes is no more considered as a standard tool. Moreover, ELND has been given up by most melanoma centers, since it is known that prospective-randomized trials were not able to demonstrate an increase of overall survival for patients with ELND compared with untreated patients. Instead of this potentially aggressive treatment modality the examination of the first draining regional lymph node, sentinel node biopsy (SNB), has been introduced some years ago. Recently, a large clinical trial demonstrated that the SNB status reflects the most valuable prognostic factor for primary melanoma known so far. First studies in head and neck melanoma figured out that this technique is more complex in this special localisation, but produced comparable results. Systemic adjuvant (prophylactic) therapy of high-risk melanoma should preferentially be applied within controlled clinical trials. Most attractive candidates for an effective treatment are interferons. Several studies ruled out that interferon alpha-treated melanoma patients demonstrate an extended disease-free survival. Adjuvant chemotherapy has not shown a clinically relevant benefit. Thus, patients should preferentially be treated within controlled clinical trials.