To compare retrospectively the recurrence rates of TUR alone versus different intravesical chemotherapy modalities in superficial bladder cancer cases, 187 patients with stage Ta and T1 bladder tumours were treated with transurethral resection followed by adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin, BCG or epirubicin or by transurethral resection alone. All patients in this study had historically proven transurethrally resectable primary, category Ta and T1 transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the bladder. Group I included transurethral resection alone, and the other groups included intravesical mitomycin-C (Group II), BCG (Group III) and epirubicin (Group IV) therapies after transurethral resection. 146 male and 41 female patients (78% male and 22% female patients) in this study were diagnosed as primary TCC bladder tumours. Only 52 of them were stage Ta and 135 of them were stage T1 bladder tumours. Examining the histological grade of the bladder tumours, 88 (47%) of the patients had grade I, 53 (28%) had grade IIa, 30 (16%) had grade IIb and remaining 16 (9%) had grade III bladder cancers. The recurrence rates were 25% for Group I, 23.8% for Group II, 26.2% for Group III and 22.7% for Group IV. These values were given with disregarding the grade and volume of the bladder tumours. For solitary, less than 3 cm low grade tumours (grade I, IIa) recurrence rates were 16% for Group I, 15.4% for Group II, 17.8% for Group III, 17.2% for Group IV (p > 0.05). As a result of this retrospective study, for patients with low grade, stage Ta and T1 tumours TUR alone may be the best treatment modality. Although intravesical chemotherapy is effective in decreasing short-term incidences of tumour recurrence, it has not decreased long-term incidences of tumour recurrence. The high cost and adverse side effects of intravesical chemotherapy should also be taken into consideration in superficial, single, low grade tumours of bladder.