Eosinophil accumulation has been associated with the pathogenesis of numerous allergic inflammatory disorders. Despite the great interest in this response, many aspects of eosinophil accumulation remain unknown. This is particularly true with respect to tissue-specific mechanisms that may regulate the accumulation of eosinophils in different organs. This study addressed this issue by investigating and comparing the roles of alpha(4)-integrins and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) adhesion pathways in interleukin 4 (IL-4)-induced eosinophil accumulation in 2 different rat models of inflammation, namely pleural and cutaneous inflammation. Similar to our previous findings in studies in rat skin, locally administered IL-4 induced a time- and dose-dependent accumulation of eosinophils in rat pleural cavities, a response that was associated with generation of the chemokine eotaxin. The IL-4-induced eosinophil accumulation in skin and pleural cavities was totally inhibited by an antirat alpha(4)-integrins monoclonal antibody (mAb) (TA-2). In contrast, whereas an antirat VCAM-1 mAb (5F10) totally blocked the response in skin, IL-4-induced eosinophil accumulation in rat pleural cavities was not affected by VCAM-1 blockade. A radiolabeled mAb technique demonstrated that endothelial-cell VCAM-1 expression was induced in response to IL-4 in both skin and pleural membrane. The results indicate that although endothelial-cell VCAM-1 is present in skin and pleura, a functional role for it in IL-4-induced eosinophil accumulation was evident only in skin. These findings suggest the existence of tissue-specific adhesive mechanisms in regulating leukocyte migration in vivo and demonstrate a dissociation between VCAM-1 expression and eosinophil accumulation.