Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known as an endothelial cell-specific mitogen. There are no reports concerning the presence of VEGF in the inner ear. To gain information, immunohistochemical analysis using specific antibodies to VEGF and to both known VEGF receptors Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 was performed on paraffin-sectioned temporal bones from five guinea pigs. Immunoreactivity of VEGF, Flt-1 and KDR/Flk-1 was detectable in spiral ganglion cells. VEGF could also be found in the endothelium of blood vessels, in the spiral ligament and in the organ of Corti. Flt-1 was found in the limbus epithelium, in all supporting cells of the organ of Corti, in Claudius cells, cells of the sulcus and in the spiral ligament. Flk-1 could be detected in some supporting cells of the organ of Corti (inner pillar cells and Deiters' cells). Immunoreactivity to Flk-1 was also found in endothelium of blood vessels and in the spiral ligament. Hair cells showed VEGF immunostaining, but did not contain staining to Flt-1 nor Flk-1. In the stria vascularis any immunoreactivity to all used VEGF and VEGF receptor antibodies could not be detected. The findings were supported by Western blot analysis on inner ear tissues and ovaries from guinea pigs. We may conclude that the growth factor VEGF and both receptors participate in cochlear physiology.