Despite biologically plausible mechanisms whereby estrogen may confer cardioprotection as well as observational data suggesting cardiovascular benefit, data from the sole randomized controlled clinical outcomes trial reported on the benefit of hormone use. A trend was observed in the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) of an early increase in coronary events with possible late benefit, and in a recent angiographic trial, the Estrogen Replacement and Atherosclerosis trial (ERA) where no benefit was seen. Furthermore, selective estrogen receptor modulators may enable dissociation of estrogen risks and benefits; the selective estrogen replacement modulator raloxifene is under study in a large randomized clinical outcomes trial entitled the Raloxifene Use for the Heart trial (RUTH). (c) 2000 by CVRR, Inc.