This study asked whether men and women who enrolled in substance use treatment reported similar changes in income from work, public assistance, and crime over time. Income data were analyzed for 261 substance users (77 women, 184 men) who entered day or residential treatment, and completed Addiction Severity Index measures at treatment entry and up to 18 months later. Over time, respondents reported increases in employment income. People whose main source of income at baseline had been crime or public assistance showed significant decreases respectively in income from crime or public assistance. Men made greater gains in work income than women did. Across time, men were more likely to be employed than women were. Findings show the economic value of substance use treatment, but less improvement in employment outcomes for women than men.