Trials of high dose immunosuppression and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) in patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have now commenced based on encouraging data from case reports of patients with coexistent malignancy and animal transplant models. Early case reports in Australia documented the potential for cure of RA in most patients receiving allogeneic or syngeneic transplants. However, the relatively high morbidity and mortality of these procedures has necessitated the use of autologous PBSCT. in accordance with international guidelines released by the EBMT/EULAR working party. Phase I trials in autologous PBSCT have seen substantial remissions of RA in the majority of patients who had previously failed all available therapies. Recurrence of disease occurs in most patients usually within 2 years; however, the use of disease modifying agents after recurrence results in substantial amelioration of the disease, again suggesting a form of "immunomodulation." This observation raises the possibility of maintenance therapy associated with procedure to prolong responses. Other modifications of the procedure are discussed, including T cell depletion of the graft, currently the subject of a randomized trial.