The management of patients with chronic congestive heart failure has changed considerably during the last decade. Until recently, restriction of physical activity was recommended for patients with chronic heart failure. However, the knowledge that training influences largely the periphery rather than the heart itself has led to a dramatic change in the approach toward training in patients with chronic heart failure. Why to train patients with chronic heart failure: Training increases exercise tolerance by an average of 20% in chronic heart failure regardless of etiology (ischemic or non-ischemic cardiomyopathy) or severity of left ventricular dysfunction. Available data, while limited, demonstrate that increases in exercise capacity are paralleled by an improvement in quality of life. Studies have consistently demonstrated that training has no deleterious effect on central haemodynamics, left ventricular remodeling, systolic or diastolic function, or myocardial metabolism. At present, there are insufficient data to determine the effect of training on prognosis, but trials are currently underway to address this. When to train patients with chronic heart failure: Exercise training should be performed only with the patients that have been in a stable clinical condition for a period of at least 3-4 weeks. Clinical stability is defined as no change in symptoms, weight, drug regimen, or NYHA class over this period. How to train patients with chronic heart failure: Initially, the program should be supervised for a period of 2 to 4 weeks; home-based programs are usually appropriate thereafter. Activities that can be maintained for a lifetime should be encouraged, and the focus should be on aerobic-type activities. The intensity level should be targeted to about 50%-70% of peak VO2 and/or Borg ratings of 12-14 ("walk and talk").