We prepared synthetic hydroxyapatite [HAP; Ca5(PO4)(3-x)(CO3)x(OH)(1+x) (x = 0.3)] and then investigated this material's ability to remove trivalent antimony [Sb(III)] from water. The HAP was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy. The sorption of Sb(III) to HAP was measured over an Sb(III) concentration range of 0.05-50 mg L(-1), at constant ionic strength (I = 0.01 mol dm(-3)) in equilibrated aqueous suspensions (34 g dm(-3)) for 5 < pH < 8 in vessels that were closed to the atmosphere. Under these conditions, we found that HAP particles were enriched in Ca after incongruent dissolution of the solid. More than 95% of the Sb(III) in solution adsorbed to the solid-phase HAP in <30 min. The equilibrium distribution of Sb(III) (solid vs liquid phase) was characterized by a Langmuir model with gamma(max) = 6.7 +/- 0.1 x 10(-8) mol m(-2) (1.4 +/- 0.2 x 10(-4) mol dm(-3) g(-1)) and K(ads) = 1.5 +/- 0.2 x 10(3) dm3 mol(-1). As Sb adsorption occurred, the pH of the isoelectric point (pH(iep)) of the HAP suspensions declined from 7.7 to 6.9. This finding supports the idea that the negative surface potential of the HAP increased due to the adsorption of Sb as a charged species. The decline in pH(iep) during Sb adsorption plus the thermodynamic description of the Sb(III)-HAP-H2O system suggest likely surface reactions for the interaction of Sb with HAP. We discuss the efficiency of Sb removal from water by HAP in the context of phosphate enrichment.