The VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) receptor is a member of the LDL (low density lipoprotein) receptor family. The VLDL receptor binds apolipoprotein (apo) E but not apo B, and is expressed in fatty acid active tissues (heart, muscle, adipose) and macrophages abundantly. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) modulates the binding of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein particles to the VLDL receptor. By the unique ligand specificity, VLDL receptor practically appeared to function as IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) and chylomicron remnant receptor in peripheral tissues in concert with LPL. In contrast to LDL receptor, the VLDL receptor expression is not down regulated by lipoproteins. Recently several possible functions of the VLDL receptor have been reported in lipoprotein metabolism, atherosclerosis, obesity/insulin resistance, cardiac fatty acid metabolism and neuronal migration. The gene therapy of VLDL receptor into the LDL receptor knockout mice liver showed a benefit effect for lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Further researches about the VLDL receptor function will be needed in the future.