Urological complications were studied in 310 live donor kidney transplants. All recipients and donors were investigated for urinary schistosomiasis by examining tissue obtained intra-operatively from the donor's ureter or the patient's bladder. Schistosomiasis was histologically documented in 76 cases (patient's bladder (46), donor's ureter (9), both (21)). The incidence of urological complications was 11/76 (15%) in the schistosomal group and 14/234 (6%) in the non-schistosomal group; this was statistically significant. Among the schistosomal patients, the site of infestation had no statistically significant effect on the incidence of urological complications. No deaths or graft losses were directly attributable either to these complications or to their surgical correction.