Chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis remain two of the most perplexing problems in gynaecology. In some women, the problem is to determine whether or not endometriosis causes the pain they are consulting for. Deep pelvic endometriosis presents essentially in the form of a painful syndrome dominated by deep dyspareunia and painful functional symptoms that recur according to the menstrual cycle. The semiology is directly correlated with the location of the lesions (bladder, rectum). Lesions of the utero-sacral ligaments are the most frequent deeply infiltrating endometriosis lesions. The following variables are related to the severity of dysmenorrhoea: number of previous surgical procedures for endometriosis, score in the revised American Fertility Society classification, extensiveness of adnexal adhesion, Douglas obliteration, size of the posterior deeply infiltrating endometriosis implant, extent of the sub-peritoneal infiltration by the posterior deeply infiltrating endometriosis. It is essential to investigate (clinically and with magnetic resonance imaging) these deep endometriosis lesions and to draw up a precise map, which is the only way to be sure that exeresis will be complete. Surgery remains the first intention treatment, whereas medical treatment is only palliative in the majority of cases. Success of treatment depends on how radical surgical exeresis is. Operative laparoscopy is efficient for bladder, utero-sacral ligaments and vaginal deeply infiltrating endometriosis. However, indications for laparotomy still exist, notably for bowel lesions. Based on analysis of the anatomical distribution of deep pelvic endometriosis lesions, a "surgical classification" is proposed with the aim of establishing standard modes for surgical treatment. Further studies are required to clarify the place and modes for pre- and postoperative medical treatment.