Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most common cancers in the world. There is a rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in Western countries. The present standard of care of patients with early tumors (Tis-T1 N0-N1 M0) is surgery and there is no role for chemo- or radiotherapy. Surgical treatment of stage II patients with locally resectable tumors is associated with poor survival figures due to an increase of regional and distant lymph node metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be used only in the setting of clinical trials. The role of neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy in patients with resectable tumors is controversial. There is also evidence that some patients with a complete response after chemo-radiotherapy do not have a further benefit from surgical treatment. Therefore, the appropriate application of these varied therapeutic interventions should be performed at specialized centers. The role of chemotherapy and radiation is now established in locally advanced inoperable disease. How best to deliver these modes of therapy has yet to be defined. Prospective randomised trials are the only way to define the best therapeutic strategies for the different subgroups of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Progress with newer chemotherapy agents, optimal radiotherapy protocols and innovations are likely to improve responses to combination treatments, but may more importantly limit associated toxicity. Future trials should also assess quality of life indices as end points, that are of particular importance in populations with a median survival of approx, one year. Patients with stage IVb esophageal carcinoma have a life expectancy of less than six months and palliative teatment strategies should primarily aim at the improvement of tumor related symptoms and the maintenance of nutrition.