A rapid screening method to detect specific inhibitors of pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase as leads for C4 plant-selective herbicides

J Biomol Screen. 2005 Feb;10(1):67-75. doi: 10.1177/1087057104269978.

Abstract

Plants using the C(4) photosynthetic pathway are highly represented among the world's worst weeds, with only 4 C(4) species being agriculturally productive (maize, sorghum, millet, and sugar cane). With the C(4) acid cycle operating as a biochemical appendage of C(3) photosynthesis, the additional enzymes involved in C(4) photosynthesis represent an attractive target for the development of weed-specific herbicides. The rate-limiting enzyme of this metabolic pathway is pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK). PPDK, coupled with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-malate dehydrogenase, was used to develop a microplate-based assay to detect inhibitors of enzymes of the C(4) acid cycle. The resulting assay had a Z' factor of 0.61, making it a high-quality assay able to reliably identify active test samples. Organic extracts of 6679 marine macroscopic organisms were tested within the assay, and 343 were identified that inhibited the 3 enzyme-coupled reaction. A high confirmation rate was achieved, with 95% of these hit extracts proving active again upon retesting. Sequential addition of phosphoenolpyruvate and oxaloacetate to the assay facilitated identification of 83 extracts that specifically inhibited PPDK.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Dimethyl Sulfoxide / pharmacology
  • Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / methods*
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / chemistry
  • Enzyme Inhibitors / pharmacology*
  • Herbicides / chemistry
  • Herbicides / pharmacology*
  • Malate Dehydrogenase / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Malate Dehydrogenase / metabolism
  • Molecular Structure
  • Oxalic Acid / pharmacology
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase / metabolism
  • Plant Extracts / metabolism
  • Plants / drug effects*
  • Plants / enzymology*
  • Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase / metabolism
  • Species Specificity
  • Time Factors

Substances

  • Enzyme Inhibitors
  • Herbicides
  • Plant Extracts
  • Oxalic Acid
  • Malate Dehydrogenase
  • Pyruvate, Orthophosphate Dikinase
  • Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase
  • Dimethyl Sulfoxide