The risk of luminal gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary tract, and non-gastrointestinal tract cancers in inflammatory bowel disease remains of great interest. The purpose of this review is to report on studies published in 2002 that have addressed several important questions related to the biology, natural history, and risk factors for colonic and extracolonic cancers. Two studies reported conflicting results on the natural history of low-grade dysplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis. Other investigators focused on the safety of medications used to treat inflammatory bowel disease, one noting no increased risk of cancer with azathioprine, another suggesting that anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy may increase the risk of lymphoma. Studies of patients after total proctocolectomy and ileoanal pouch anastomosis suggest that these patients continue to have a small risk of bowel cancer. A novel observation from studies focusing on the subgroup of patients with inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis was the identification of an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Finally, many investigators continue to pursue potential biomarkers of malignancy for use in inflammatory bowel disease cancer surveillance programs. These studies have added to our knowledge of the risk of malignancy in inflammatory bowel disease and have set the stage for future long-term studies to better delineate the risk of lymphoma with the use of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and the fate of low-grade dysplasia in flat mucosa. Clinical application of potential biomarkers of malignancy in inflammatory bowel disease cancer surveillance is anticipated in the near future.