Human antimicrobial peptides play a substantial role in the immune response to various dermatological diseases, such as acne, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis vulgaris, and even mucosal HIV-protection is mediated inter alia by antimicrobial peptides. In wound healing, the antimicrobial and immune-modulating properties of, in particular, human defensins and cathelicidins can affect important controlling factors. For example, the interaction between different antimicrobial peptides and growth factors supports neoangiogenesis. Although further clinical investigations are necessary to identify the exact effects of antimicrobial peptides in chronic wounds, such peptides could be a promising therapeutic option in the near future for the treatment of patients with chronic wounds by promoting endogen expression or exogenous supplementation.