Symmetry breaking and enhanced condensate fraction in a matter-wave bright soliton

Phys Rev Lett. 2005 Mar 11;94(9):090404. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.090404. Epub 2005 Mar 10.

Abstract

An exact diagonalization study reveals that a matter-wave bright soliton and the Goldstone mode are simultaneously created in a quasi-one-dimensional attractive Bose-Einstein condensate by superpositions of quasidegenerate low-lying many-body states. Upon formation of the soliton the maximum eigenvalue of the single-particle density matrix increases dramatically, indicating that a fragmented condensate converts into a single condensate as a consequence of the breaking of translation symmetry.