The visual loss caused by fundus diseases such as age related macular degeneration and inherited retinal diseases is one of the toughest subjects in preventing blindness. The level of basic researches determines the progress of diagnosis and treatment for them. Although some fruits have been got these years in the fields of stem cell identification, transplantation and differentiation, local environment of survival cells and replacement of retinal pigment epithelium by iris pigment epithelium, many questions still remain to be elucidated about the regulation of gene expression and developmental environment. These answers will benefit the development of novel therapeutic approaches for refractory fundus dysfunctions finally.