A quantitative study was conducted on the density of Langerhans cells (LCs) CD1a+ in specimens obtained from patients with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) lesions without previous treatment, as well as from control healthy individuals. LC density was significantly higher among infected patients when compared to controls and also higher in longer term ones. Regarding parasite quantities, these were proportionally inverse and diminished in chronic patients. Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) showed an increase in cell population when compared to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). A tendency towards density increase was observed in LC Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis patients when compared to Leishmania (Viannia) sp. Regarding the delayed hypersensitivity test (DTH, Montenegro skin test), L. (L.) amazonensis demonstrated a peculiar behavior because it is a poor cell immune inducer, presenting--among LCL patients--higher density in negative Montenegro patients than in positive ones. Negative DTH responses are usually poor in LC, although this was not evidenced in this study, possibly due to cell reposition, in order to stimulate immune response. Such results confirm the important role of LC in ATL, while suggesting that L. (L.) amazonensis may be a good model for LC studies as APC in ATL, due to its spectral immunological and clinical behavior.