This review extrapolates the functions of SDF-1alpha and its receptor, CXCR4, as regulators of hematopoietic stem cells and discusses their potential roles in the development and regeneration of tissues. The discussion focuses on the repair of neural tissues while parallels are made with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. Overall, the organization links the basic biology of SDF-1alpha and CXCR4 to topics in medicine and show how any disease processes involving the SDF-1alpha-CXCR4 system could be central points in medicine. Discussions focused on potential therapies for SDF-1 and CXCR4 in clinical disorders. Breast and prostate cancers are selected as examples of solid tumors while leukemia is discussed as an example of hematological malignancies. Diffuse macular edema is discussed as potential therapy for a non-malignant disease.