Since prehistoric times, elevated temperatures have been used to treat cancer in a variety of forms. In modern times (the last 40 years) efforts have concentrated on combining heat with other anti-tumour modalities, principally ionizing radiation and some chemotherapeutic drugs. Despite the emphasis on combined therapy, rodent data relating to heat sensitivity and thermal tolerance development assumed principal importance. These considerations suggested treating at 43 degrees C as a target temperature and fractionation schemes emphasizing thermal tolerance avoidance. Concomitantly crucial data on heat-induced tumour reoxygenation and its temperature dependence were largely ignored. In reality these were unrealistic and undesirable goals. The preponderance of evidence now suggests that lower temperatures (40-42 degrees C) administered more frequently, optimally immediately before and during each administration of ionizing radiation, are likely to yield optimal results. Factoring in trimodality therapy and other combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs will require some modifications of such fractionation schemes.