Analytical characterisation of the routes by thermolytic decarboxylation from tryptophan to tryptamine using ketone catalysts, resulting in tetrahydro-beta-carboline formation

J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006 Jun 7;41(3):872-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.007. Epub 2006 Mar 29.

Abstract

N-Alkylated tryptamines have complex psychoactive properties. Routes for clandestine synthesis are described on Internet websites one of which involves the thermolytic decarboxylation of tryptophan to tryptamine as a precursor to psychoactive compounds. High boiling solvents and ketone catalysts have been employed to facilitate the decarboxylation of tryptophan. The present study has revealed that there is formation of tetrahydro-beta-carboline (THBC) derivatives which may originate from reaction with both the solvent and the ketone catalyst. The application of gas chromatography electron- and chemical-ionisation ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS-MS), in combination with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), led to the isolation and identification of 1,1-disubstituted-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines formed as major impurities in the tryptamine. Confirmation was by synthesis of the THBC derivatives from tryptamine using Pictet-Spengler cyclisation. Under EI-conditions, mass spectral characterisation of the THBCs suggests predominance of alkyl cleavage. These impurities will yield a useful profile for identification of the synthetic pathway and likely reagents employed, particularly a "fingerprint" of the ketone catalyst and an insight into the influence of solvents and catalysts on the formation of by-products.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Carbolines / chemical synthesis*
  • Carboxylic Acids / chemistry*
  • Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
  • Ketones / chemistry*
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
  • Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
  • Tryptamines / chemistry*
  • Tryptophan / chemistry*

Substances

  • Carbolines
  • Carboxylic Acids
  • Ketones
  • Tryptamines
  • tryptamine
  • Tryptophan