Intracellular peptidoglycan (PG) recognition in human cells is mediated by the NACHT-LRR proteins Nod1 and Nod2. Elicitation of these proteins by PG motifs released from invasive bacteria triggers signaling events, resulting in the activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. In order to decipher the molecular components involved in Nod2 signal transduction, we set out to identify new interaction partners of Nod2 by using a yeast two-hybrid screen. Besides the known interaction partner RIP2, the screen identified the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)- and PDZ domain-containing family member Erbin as a binding partner of Nod2. Erbin showed a specific interaction with Nod2 in coimmunoprecipitation experiments with human HEK 293T cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy with a newly generated anti-Nod2 monoclonal antibody showed that Erbin and Nod2 partially colocalize in human cells. Subsequent analysis of the Erbin/Nod2 interaction revealed that the LRR of Erbin and the caspase activating and recruiting domains of Nod2 were necessary for this interaction. No significant interaction was observed with a Walker B box mutant of Nod2 or a Crohn's disease-associated frameshift mutant of Nod2, indicating that complex formation is dependent on the activity of the molecule. In addition, a change in the dynamics of the Erbin/Nod2 complex was observed during Shigella flexneri infection. Furthermore, ectopic expression of increasing amounts of Erbin or short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of Erbin showed a negative influence of Erbin on Nod2/muramyl-dipeptide-mediated NF-kappaB activation. These results implicate Erbin as a potential negative regulator of Nod2 and show that bacterial infection has an impact on Nod2/Erbin complex formation within cells.