Abstract
In multicellular organisms, growth and metabolism are controlled by extracellular signals, such as insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Depending on nutrient availability, these factors regulate cell number, cell size, storage of lipids, proteins and sugars. Here we will review recent literature on the intracellular signal transduction pathways regulating the anabolic responses in skeletal muscles. Emphasis will be put on three serine/threonine kinases, mTOR, Akt and S6 Kinase (S6K), and their role in the integration of environmental cues and the coordination of muscle growth.
MeSH terms
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Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
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Animals
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Body Size / genetics*
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Cell Count
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Gene Deletion
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Humans
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Mice
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Muscle Cells / drug effects
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Muscle Cells / physiology*
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Muscle, Skeletal / cytology*
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases
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Protein Kinases / physiology*
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Proteins / physiology
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / deficiency
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / genetics
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / physiology*
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Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR
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Ribosomal Protein S6 / physiology
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Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / deficiency
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Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / genetics
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Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / physiology*
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Signal Transduction / drug effects
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Sirolimus / pharmacology
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
Substances
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Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
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Proteins
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RPTOR protein, human
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Regulatory-Associated Protein of mTOR
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Ribosomal Protein S6
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Protein Kinases
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MTOR protein, human
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mTOR protein, mouse
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
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Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases
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TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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Sirolimus