Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an angiogenic disease that leads to severe visual loss. However, adequate animal models of vitreoretinal neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) have not yet been described. The purpose of this study was to develop a novel ex vivo system for assessing vitreoretinal angiogenic processes that originate from both quiescent and mature vessels that could be observed with time-sequential imaging.
Methods: The retinas of 7- to 8-week-old mice were cultured for 4 days, with or without several growth factors with novel procedures, and immunohistochemistry was performed. The retinas from Tie2-GFP mice were cultured with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and time-sequential imaging of vitreoretinal angiogenesis was acquired.
Results: Vascular sprouts were induced by both VEGF and placenta growth factor, but not by insulin-like growth factor-1, basic fibroblast growth factor or angiopoietin-2. In explants with or without VEGF, perivascular mural cells were dissociated from endothelial cells, which is an important step during angiogenesis and in the progression of DR. Furthermore, use of time-lapse observations of retinal neovascularization events visualized that the first step in vascular sprout emergence from quiescent vessels was a single cell extension. The leading edges of a sprouting endothelial cell extended and retracted in a sequential manner. From newly formed vessels, additional vascular sprouts then emerged and new vessels fused to each other, resulting in vascular branching.
Conclusions: Time-lapse imaging of this system visualized the dynamic process in vitreoretinal neovascularization from quiescent and mature vessels.