Abstract
The skeletal system is the most frequent metastatic site of hematogenous spread of urologic carcinomas. Osseus metastases are classified as osteoneutral, osteolytic, osteoblastic and combinations thereof. Osteolytic metastases lead to bone resorption by activating osteoclasts, while osteoblastic metastases stimulate osteoblasts by paracrine mechanisms. The local osteoblastic effect is associated with secondary systemic bone resorption. The use of bisphosphonates is now an established supportive therapy and newer treatment strategies including targeted intervention in the pathophysiology of bone metastases and radioimmunotherapy are being applied or will be coming soon.
MeSH terms
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Bone Marrow Neoplasms / pathology
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Bone Marrow Neoplasms / physiopathology
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Bone Marrow Neoplasms / secondary
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Bone Marrow Neoplasms / therapy
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Bone Neoplasms / pathology
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Bone Neoplasms / physiopathology
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Bone Neoplasms / secondary*
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Bone Neoplasms / therapy
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Bone Resorption / pathology
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Bone Resorption / physiopathology*
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Bone Resorption / therapy
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Bone and Bones / pathology
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Bone and Bones / physiopathology
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Cytokines / physiology
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Diphosphonates / therapeutic use
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Humans
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Osteoblasts / pathology
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Osteoblasts / physiology
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Osteoclasts / pathology
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Osteoclasts / physiology
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Osteolysis / pathology
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Osteolysis / physiopathology
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Osteolysis / therapy
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Osteoprotegerin / physiology
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Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / physiology
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RANK Ligand / antagonists & inhibitors
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RANK Ligand / physiology
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Radioimmunotherapy
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Urologic Neoplasms / pathology
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Urologic Neoplasms / physiopathology*
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Urologic Neoplasms / therapy
Substances
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Cytokines
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Diphosphonates
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Osteoprotegerin
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Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein
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RANK Ligand
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TNFSF11 protein, human