The authors report on 29 cases of intrathoracic localization of extramedullary hematopoiesis. Out of them, 26 cases were confirmed by cytomorphologic examination of the aspirate specimens obtained by transtracheal biopsy of carina while in 3 cases the specimens for cytologic analysis were obtained by transthoracic fine needle aspiration of solitary shadows in the lung parenchyma. The cytomorphologic finding of the hematopoietic cells of the specimens obtained by transtracheal biopsy was unexpected in patients with an active pulmonary tuberculosis, primary bronchial carcinoma, broncho and pleuropneumonia, lung abscess, sarcoidosis, chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis as well as in patients with hemoptysis.