Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) II exerts its important physiological functions through 2 distinct receptor subtypes, type 1 (AT(1)) and type 2 (AT(2)) receptors. Recently, new evidence has accumulated showing the existence of several novel receptor interacting proteins and various angiotensin II receptor activation mechanisms beyond the classical actions of receptors for Ang II. These associated proteins could contribute not only to Ang II receptors' functions, but also to influencing pathophysiological states. Receptor dimerization of Ang II receptors such as homodimer, heterodimer, and complex formation with other G protein-coupled receptors has also been focused on as a new mechanism of their activation or inactivation. Moreover, ligand-independent receptor activation systems such as mechanical stretch for the AT(1) receptor have also been revealed. These emerging concepts of regulation of Ang II receptors and a new insight into future drug discovery are discussed in this review.
Publication types
-
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
-
Review
MeSH terms
-
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / metabolism
-
Angiotensin II / metabolism*
-
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / pharmacology
-
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / therapeutic use
-
Animals
-
Antihypertensive Agents / pharmacology
-
Antihypertensive Agents / therapeutic use
-
Autoantibodies / metabolism
-
Dimerization
-
Drug Inverse Agonism
-
GTP-Binding Proteins / metabolism
-
Humans
-
Hypertension / drug therapy
-
Hypertension / metabolism
-
Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / metabolism
-
Ligands
-
Membrane Transport Proteins / metabolism
-
Multiprotein Complexes / metabolism
-
Protein Conformation
-
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 / metabolism
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / chemistry
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / drug effects
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / immunology
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / metabolism*
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / agonists
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / chemistry
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / metabolism*
-
Signal Transduction* / drug effects
-
Tumor Suppressor Proteins / metabolism
-
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / metabolism
Substances
-
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
-
Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers
-
Antihypertensive Agents
-
Autoantibodies
-
Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
-
Ligands
-
Membrane Transport Proteins
-
Multiprotein Complexes
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1
-
Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2
-
Tumor Suppressor Proteins
-
Angiotensin II
-
Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes
-
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6
-
GTP-Binding Proteins