Objective: To assess whether low-dose, long-term maintenance interferon (IFN) therapy inhibits recurrence after complete ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and improves patient survival.
Methods and patients: From June 1999 through May 2006, a total of 127 HCC cases that met the requirements of both tumor diameter 3 cm or less, and number of tumors three or fewer, were curatively treated by radiofrequency ablation therapy (RFA). Among them, 43 patients received three million IU of IFN-alpha2b twice per week or pegylated IFN-alpha2a 90 microg once per week or once per 2 weeks without discontinuation (IFN maintenance group). The remaining 84 patients, whose sex, age, and platelet counts were randomly matched to those of the IFN maintenance group, did not receive IFN treatment (control group).
Results: Cumulative first, second, and third recurrence rates were significantly reduced in the IFN maintenance group compared with the control group by Kaplan-Meier estimate. The 5-year survival rate was 66% for the control group and 83% for the IFN maintenance group (p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model identified IFN maintenance therapy as an independent risk factor for survival, and the risk ratio was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.05-0.73). In conclusion, low-dose, long-term maintenance IFN therapy after curative RFA therapy of HCC significantly inhibits recurrence, and consequently improves patient survival.