With improved survival of very low birth infants in India, Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is emerging as a significant problem. The most important risk factor in the pathogenesis of ROP is prematurity. Other factors like, problems with oxygenation frequent blood transfusions, sepsis and apnea have also been implicated in the causation of ROP. Essentially asymptomatic in the initial stages, a good screening program is essential for the early detection and treatment of this condition. Description of the various stages of ROP has been included in the protocol. Guidelines regarding the procedure of dilatation, ophthalmic examination and treatment (if required) have been provided. Close co-operation between the ophthalmologist and neonatologist is essential for a successful outcome.