Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) promotes neutrophil degranulation and MMP-9 release

J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Jul;84(1):207-14. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0907606. Epub 2008 Apr 7.

Abstract

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), the only approved stroke treatment, is used for clot lysis within the occluded brain artery. Unfortunately, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) concentration increases after t-PA treatment and has been related to hemorrhagic transformation after ischemic stroke. Although the exact cellular source of brain MMP-9 remains unknown, invading, inflammatory cells, such as neutrophils, release MMP-9 to cross the blood brain barrier. Therefore, we hypothesize that the most feared side effect of stroke reperfusion therapy, brain hemorrhage, is related to t-PA-induced MMP-9 release by neutrophils. We show by means of ELISA that t-PA treatment promotes MMP-9, MMP-8, and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 release from human neutrophils ex vivo within 10 and 30 min. Moreover, by zymography and Western blot, we observed that neutrophils are emptied of MMP-9 content after t-PA treatment at those times. Finally, total internal reflection fluorescent imaging allowed us to observe the t-PA effect on neutrophils, showing the promotion of degranulation on these cells in vivo. Our data suggest that neutrophils are good candidates to be the main source of MMP-9 following t-PA stroke treatment and in consequence, partially responsible for thrombolysis-related brain bleedings.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Cell Death / drug effects
  • Cell Degranulation / drug effects*
  • Cell Membrane / drug effects
  • Cell Membrane / metabolism
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 8 / metabolism
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / metabolism*
  • Microscopy, Fluorescence
  • N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine / pharmacology
  • Neutrophil Activation / drug effects
  • Neutrophils / drug effects
  • Neutrophils / enzymology*
  • Neutrophils / metabolism
  • Neutrophils / physiology*
  • Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / metabolism
  • Tissue Plasminogen Activator / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2
  • N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine
  • Tissue Plasminogen Activator
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 8
  • Matrix Metalloproteinase 9