Purpose: The goal of the present study was to determine whether oxidative stress and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta induce cellular senescence in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells.
Methods: Cultured human RPE cells were exposed to 50 to 150 microM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) for 1 and 2 hours or treated with 1.0 ng/mL TGF-beta1 or -beta2 for 12, 24, and 48 hours. Senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-beta-Gal) activity was detected by histochemical staining. Expression of senescence-associated genes (apolipoprotein J [Apo J], connective tissue growth factor [CTGF], fibronectin, and SM22) was examined by real-time PCR and induction of signal transduction proteins (p21, p16, and pRb) by Western blot analysis. The effects of TGF-beta blocking on the oxidative stress-induced expression of senescence-associated biomarkers were investigated by simultaneous incubation with neutralizing antibodies against the TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 isoforms and the TGF-betaII receptor.
Results: H(2)O(2) markedly increased the number of SA-beta-Gal-positive cells to up to 89% and the expression of Apo J, CTGF, fibronectin, and SM22 by approximately three to fourfold. Treatment with TGF-beta1 and -beta2 showed similar changes. H(2)O(2)and TGF-beta1 and -beta2 markedly enhanced the expression of p21 but downregulated pRb. In contrast, they had no effect on p16 expression. Simultaneous treatment with neutralizing antibodies against the TGF-beta1, -beta2, and -beta3 isoforms and the TGF-betaII receptor prevented the oxidative stress-mediated elevation of senescence-associated biomarkers.
Conclusions: Oxidative stress, TGF-beta1, and TGF-beta2 are capable of inducing cellular senescence in cultured human RPE cells. Therefore, reduction of oxidative stress and minimizing TGF-beta may help to prevent senescence-associated changes in the RPE as seen in early age-related macular degeneration.