Abstract
Bladder cancer remains one of the most common and expensive cancers to treat worldwide. Numerous molecular markers are being investigated as possible ways to decrease health care costs, increase patient survival and prognosis, and increase sensitivity in screening tests. Several genetic markers have emerged as potential therapeutic targets and have provided new theories concerning the origins and progression of these tumors. Future classifications of bladder tumors should be based on the understanding of disease processes and should incorporate these emerging biomarkers for stratification of tumors into different prognostic groups.
MeSH terms
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Acid Anhydride Hydrolases / genetics
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Allelic Imbalance / genetics
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Biomarkers, Tumor / analysis
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Biomarkers, Tumor / genetics*
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Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8 / genetics
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Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9 / genetics
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ErbB Receptors / genetics
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Humans
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Loss of Heterozygosity / genetics
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Mutation / genetics
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Neoplasm Proteins / genetics
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Prognosis
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) / genetics
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Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3 / genetics
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Retinoblastoma Protein / genetics
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Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / genetics
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Tumor Suppressor Proteins / genetics
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Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / classification
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Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / diagnosis*
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Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / etiology
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Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / genetics*
Substances
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Biomarkers, Tumor
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Neoplasm Proteins
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Retinoblastoma Protein
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Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Protein
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Tumor Suppressor Protein p53
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Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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fragile histidine triad protein
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ErbB Receptors
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FGFR3 protein, human
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Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 3
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Acid Anhydride Hydrolases
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HRAS protein, human
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Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)