Modification of alternative splicing of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides induces apoptosis in basal cell carcinoma cells

J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Oct;129(10):2497-506. doi: 10.1038/jid.2009.83. Epub 2009 Apr 16.

Abstract

Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1, Mcl-1L) is an anti-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family that acts as a critical molecule in apoptosis control. Mcl-1 pre-mRNA can undergo alternative splicing to yield the short isoform, Mcl-1S, which resembles BH3-only pro-apoptotic proteins and induces apoptosis. Overexpression of Mcl-1 may play a role in various human tumors, and Mcl-1 may serve as a target in cancer therapy. In this study, we found an imbalance between the expression levels of Mcl-1L and Mcl-1S in the skin basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cell line when compared with primary keratinocytes. We showed that overexpression of Mcl-1S induces apoptosis in BCC cells. Finally, we showed that Mcl-1 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (AMOs) can specifically target Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and shift the splicing pattern from Mcl-1L to Mcl-1S mRNA and protein. This shift increases the level of pro-apoptotic Mcl-1S and reduces the level of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1L, which induces apoptosis in BCC cells and AGS cells, a human gastric adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line. Thus, this report provides a strategy for cancer therapy in which AMOs change the alternative splicing pattern of Mcl-1 pre-mRNA and thereby induce apoptosis.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adenocarcinoma / metabolism
  • Adenocarcinoma / pathology
  • Alternative Splicing / drug effects*
  • Apoptosis / drug effects*
  • Carcinoma, Basal Cell / metabolism
  • Carcinoma, Basal Cell / pathology*
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Humans
  • Keratinocytes / metabolism
  • Keratinocytes / pathology
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
  • Oligonucleotides, Antisense / pharmacology*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / genetics*
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / metabolism
  • RNA, Messenger / genetics*
  • Skin Neoplasms / metabolism
  • Skin Neoplasms / pathology*
  • Stomach Neoplasms / metabolism
  • Stomach Neoplasms / pathology

Substances

  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
  • Oligonucleotides, Antisense
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
  • RNA, Messenger