Photo-degradation of the antimicrobial ciprofloxacin at high pH: identification and biodegradability assessment of the primary by-products

Chemosphere. 2009 Jul;76(4):487-93. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.022. Epub 2009 Apr 17.

Abstract

Photo-treatment for the removal of pharmaceuticals in effluents is a topic currently under discussion. In some countries effluents from hospitals are directly emitted into open ditches without any further treatment and with very little dilution. Under such circumstances photo-degradation in the environment can occur. However, photo-degradation does not necessarily end up with the complete mineralization of a chemical. Therefore, photo-product biodegradability and toxicity against environmental bacteria is of interest. Hospital effluents have often a pH around 9. Therefore, photo-oxidation (150W medium-pressure Hg-lamp, batch reactor) of ciprofloxacin (CIP) was studied at pH 9. The primary elimination of CIP was monitored and structures of photo-products were assessed by liquid chromatography ion trap mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five compounds were identified as probable products of photo-defluorination, -decarboxylation and loss of the piperazine moiety. These photo-products were not biodegradable in the Closed Bottle test - OECD 301D. They did not affect Vibrio fisheri in the applied concentrations.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Anti-Infective Agents / analysis*
  • Anti-Infective Agents / chemistry
  • Anti-Infective Agents / toxicity
  • Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
  • Ciprofloxacin / analysis*
  • Ciprofloxacin / chemistry
  • Ciprofloxacin / toxicity
  • Environmental Pollutants / analysis*
  • Environmental Pollutants / chemistry
  • Environmental Pollutants / toxicity
  • Environmental Restoration and Remediation
  • Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
  • Kinetics
  • Photolysis*
  • Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Substances

  • Anti-Infective Agents
  • Environmental Pollutants
  • Ciprofloxacin