Analysis of endogenous ATP analogs and mevalonate pathway metabolites in cancer cell cultures using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 Oct 1;877(27):2967-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.010. Epub 2009 Jul 14.

Abstract

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) are shown to inhibit a key enzyme of intracellular mevalonate pathway, FPP synthase, leading to intracellular accumulation of pathway metabolites isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). In our previous studies we have shown that a new type of ATP analog, ApppI (triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) ester), is also formed in addition to IPP and DMAPP accumulation. ApppI has cytotoxic effects leading to direct apoptosis of various cancer cells. In this study we present a validated method based on ion-pair LC-MS(2) for the analysis of isomeric mevalonate pathway metabolites and ATP analogs in cell culture samples. Limit of quantitation for IPP and DMAPP was 0.030microM (1.35fmol on-column) and for ApppI and ApppD 0.020microM (0.9fmol on-column). Acceptable accuracies and precision were also obtained for quality control samples in low and high concentrations of the calibration curve. In addition, we present a new method for quantitation of each coeluting isomer utilizing the peak intensity ratios of two characteristic fragment ions of each compound. For IPP and DMAPP, fragment ions m/z 177 and m/z 159 in the MS(2) were monitored, whereas for ATP analogs, ApppI and ApppD (triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl) ester), the same fragments in the MS(3) spectra were followed. IPP and DMAPP accumulation as well as ApppI and ApppD formation was demonstrated using MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cells were treated with 25muM zoledronic acid (an N-BP) for 24h, conditions found to induce significant production of the metabolites. We found that the total amount of IPP and DMAPP was 2.4nmol/mg of protein and amount of ApppI and ApppD was 1.1nmol/mg protein. Relative portions of the isomers were approximately 1:4 IPP:DMAPP and 3:7 ApppI:ApppD. Untreated control samples did not contain IPP, DMAPP, ApppI or ApppD.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adenosine Triphosphate / analogs & derivatives*
  • Adenosine Triphosphate / analysis
  • Adenosine Triphosphate / metabolism
  • Breast Neoplasms / chemistry
  • Breast Neoplasms / metabolism*
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Chromatography, Liquid / methods*
  • Drug Stability
  • Hemiterpenes / analysis*
  • Hemiterpenes / metabolism
  • Humans
  • Linear Models
  • Mevalonic Acid / analysis
  • Mevalonic Acid / metabolism*
  • Organophosphorus Compounds / analysis*
  • Organophosphorus Compounds / metabolism
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Sensitivity and Specificity
  • Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / methods*

Substances

  • Hemiterpenes
  • Organophosphorus Compounds
  • triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) ester
  • isopentenyl pyrophosphate
  • 3,3-dimethylallyl pyrophosphate
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
  • Mevalonic Acid