Top-down mass spectrometry holds tremendous potential for the characterization and quantification of intact proteins, including individual protein isoforms and specific posttranslationally modified forms. This technique does not require antibody reagents and thus offers a rapid path for assay development with increased specificity based on the amino acid sequence. Top-down MS is efficient whereby intact protein mass measurement, purification by mass separation, dissociation, and measurement of product ions with ppm mass accuracy occurs on the seconds to minutes time scale. Moreover, as the analysis is based on the accurate measurement of an intact protein, top-down mass spectrometry opens a research paradigm to perform quantitative analysis of "unknown" proteins that differ in accurate mass. As a proof of concept, we have applied differential mass spectrometry (dMS) to the top-down analysis of apolipoproteins isolated from human HDL(3). The protein species at 9415.45 Da demonstrates an average fold change of 4.7 (p-value 0.017) and was identified as an O-glycosylated form of apolipoprotein C-III [NANA-(2 --> 3)-Gal-beta(1 --> 3)-GalNAc, +656.2037 Da], a protein associated with coronary artery disease. This work demonstrates the utility of top-down dMS for quantitative analysis of intact protein mixtures and holds potential for facilitating a better understanding of HDL biology and complex biological systems at the protein level.