Abstract
Coinfection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis viruses is a frequent condition in drug addicts. In the present study we report on the case of a patient with a history of drug and alcohol abuse who was sequentially infected with HIV, HCV, HBV and HDV. He died of an overwhelming reactivation of HBV and HDV in spite of a recent interferon treatment. HBV and HDV resumed their active replication after over 20 years of complete latency, that is after long-lasting viral undetectability, when the patient deliberately discontinued his last HAART regimen. HBV and HDV reactivated in spite of a relatively preserved immune system and a recent immune stimulatory treatment with pegylated interferon.
MeSH terms
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Alcoholism / complications
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Anti-HIV Agents / administration & dosage*
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Anti-HIV Agents / therapeutic use
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Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
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Drug Administration Schedule
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Fatal Outcome
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HIV Infections / complications*
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HIV Infections / drug therapy
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HIV Protease Inhibitors / administration & dosage
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HIV Protease Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Hepatitis B virus / physiology*
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Hepatitis B, Chronic / complications*
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Hepatitis C, Chronic / complications*
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Hepatitis D / complications*
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Hepatitis Delta Virus / physiology*
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Humans
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Immunocompromised Host
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Kidney Diseases / complications
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Liver Failure / etiology
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Male
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Middle Aged
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Myocardial Infarction / complications
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Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / administration & dosage
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Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / therapeutic use
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Substance Abuse, Intravenous / complications
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Virus Activation*
Substances
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Anti-HIV Agents
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HIV Protease Inhibitors
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Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors