Forty-three patients with nonmetastatic inflammatory breast carcinoma have been treated by initial doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) combination chemotherapy. After three chemotherapy cycles, responding patients underwent surgery. Chemotherapy was then completed for nine cycles of FAC followed by locoregional radiation therapy. All patients received tamoxifen 40 mg/day for 1 year from the time of diagnosis. Thirty-eight patients (88%) had a clinical response to chemotherapy and underwent surgery. On histologic examination 17 patients had a residual tumor mass less than 1 cm diameter or a complete tumor disappearance; lymph nodes dissection was negative in 15 patients. With a median follow-up of 48 months, the predicted 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) is 48% (median DFS, 46 months). Analysis of prognosis factors shows that age, menopausal status, and histologic grade have no predictive value. The DFS and overall survival were significantly improved by the presence of hormonal receptors and a low number of positive lymph nodes (less than 4) at surgery. The most significant prognosis factor was the residual tumor mass after initial chemotherapy with an 80% predicted 5-year DFS for the responding patients versus 30% for the no responding patients (P less than 0.001).