Impact of APE1/Ref-1 redox inhibition on pancreatic tumor growth

Mol Cancer Ther. 2011 Sep;10(9):1698-708. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0107. Epub 2011 Jun 23.

Abstract

Pancreatic cancer is especially a deadly form of cancer with a survival rate less than 2%. Pancreatic cancers respond poorly to existing chemotherapeutic agents and radiation, and progress for the treatment of pancreatic cancer remains elusive. To address this unmet medical need, a better understanding of critical pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in pancreatic tumor development, progression, and resistance to traditional therapy is therefore critical. Reduction-oxidation (redox) signaling systems are emerging as important targets in pancreatic cancer. AP endonuclease1/Redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is upregulated in human pancreatic cancer cells and modulation of its redox activity blocks the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic cancer-associated endothelial cells in vitro. Modulation of APE1/Ref-1 using a specific inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1's redox function, E3330, leads to a decrease in transcription factor activity for NFκB, AP-1, and HIF1α in vitro. This study aims to further establish the redox signaling protein APE1/Ref-1 as a molecular target in pancreatic cancer. Here, we show that inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 via E3330 results in tumor growth inhibition in cell lines and pancreatic cancer xenograft models in mice. Pharmacokinetic studies also show that E3330 attains more than10 μmol/L blood concentrations and is detectable in tumor xenografts. Through inhibition of APE1/Ref-1, the activity of NFκB, AP-1, and HIF1α that are key transcriptional regulators involved in survival, invasion, and metastasis is blocked. These data indicate that E3330, inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1, has potential in pancreatic cancer and clinical investigation of APE1/Ref-1 molecular target is warranted.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Agents / pharmacology*
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology*
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Benzoquinones / pharmacology*
  • Cell Adhesion / drug effects
  • Cell Cycle Checkpoints / drug effects
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects
  • DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / antagonists & inhibitors*
  • DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase / metabolism
  • Female
  • HEK293 Cells
  • Humans
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / metabolism
  • Mice
  • Mice, Inbred NOD
  • Mice, Nude
  • Mice, SCID
  • NF-kappa B / metabolism
  • Oxidation-Reduction / drug effects
  • Pancreatic Neoplasms / enzymology*
  • Propionates / pharmacology*
  • Transcription, Genetic / drug effects

Substances

  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • Antioxidants
  • Benzoquinones
  • Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
  • NF-kappa B
  • Propionates
  • E 3330
  • APEX1 protein, human
  • DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase