Changes in markers of inflammation, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in smokers following consumption of milk, and milk supplemented with fruit and vegetable extracts and vitamin C

Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2012 Feb;63(1):90-102. doi: 10.3109/09637486.2011.601286. Epub 2011 Jul 20.

Abstract

Two milk-based beverages delivering twice the average daily antioxidant intake were formulated, based on synergistic combinations of fruit and vegetable extracts, and containing vitamin C (1.00 mg/ml) for shelf stability. Smokers (n = 42) consumed prototype milk A, B or non-supplemented milk (no extracts or vitamin C; 200 ml) twice daily for 6 weeks. Fasting and post-prandial (2 h after milk consumption) blood samples were collected at baseline and the end of each treatment. Non-supplemented milk significantly reduced fasting inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor-α) compared to baseline. Both supplemented milk-based beverages significantly increased fasting plasma vitamin C concentrations and antioxidant potential and decreased serum uric acid, compared to non-supplemented milk. The beverages did not induce post-prandial oxidative stress or inflammation. Therefore, regular consumption of the supplemented milks may confer health benefits because of increased antioxidant potential or through mechanisms resulting from increased vitamin C or decreased uric acid concentrations.

Publication types

  • Randomized Controlled Trial
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Animals
  • Antioxidants / metabolism
  • Antioxidants / pharmacology*
  • Ascorbic Acid / blood
  • Ascorbic Acid / pharmacology*
  • Beverages
  • Biomarkers / blood
  • Cross-Over Studies
  • Cytokines / blood
  • Diet
  • Dietary Supplements*
  • Double-Blind Method
  • Fasting
  • Female
  • Food, Fortified
  • Fruit
  • Humans
  • Inflammation / blood
  • Inflammation / prevention & control*
  • Inflammation Mediators / blood
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Milk*
  • Oxidative Stress* / drug effects
  • Plant Extracts / pharmacology*
  • Postprandial Period
  • Smoking / blood*
  • Uric Acid / blood
  • Vegetables

Substances

  • Antioxidants
  • Biomarkers
  • Cytokines
  • Inflammation Mediators
  • Plant Extracts
  • Uric Acid
  • Ascorbic Acid