Symptoms of uraemic autonomic neuropathy are often vague and aspecific. A correct diagnosis of autonomic dysfunction is possible by using several simple and non-invasive tests of parasympathetic and sympathetic control of the cardiovascular system. A defective regulation of the heart rate, due mostly to an afferent lesion, is more common than damage of reflex blood pressure control. The former appears isolated in 14 to 34% of uraemics on haemodialysis and combined to the latter in 18 to 26%. Contradictory results are reported about influence of intermittent haemodialysis, continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation on disturbed autonomic nervous system. Pathogenesis of uraemic autonomic neuropathy remains unknown and some mechanisms are only putative.