1 Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Bedder Medicine Consulting, Poulsbo, WA, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Pain Clinic of Monterey Bay, Aptos, CA, USA; LifeBridge Health Brain & Spine Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA; and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.