Sorafenib sensitizes (-)-gossypol-induced growth suppression in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells via Mcl-1 inhibition and Bak activation

Mol Cancer Ther. 2012 Feb;11(2):416-26. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-11-0559. Epub 2011 Dec 21.

Abstract

The natural BH3-mimetic (-)-gossypol shows promising efficacy in ongoing phase II/III clinical trials for human prostate cancer. Here, we show for the first time, that treatment with (-)-gossypol and multikinase inhibitor sorafenib synergistically suppresses the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer cells (AI-PC) in vitro and in vivo. Our data suggest that sorafenib attenuates (-)-gossypol-induced Mcl-1 upregulation in AI-PCs. In this way, it serves as a potent chemosensitizer to affect cell death. Interestingly, (-)-gossypol and sorafenib induce cell death via two distinct pathways among different AI-PCs; DU145 cells via apoptosis and PC-3 via autophagy. The appointed death pathway may depend on the level of proapoptotic protein Bak, although the level of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2 plays some role in it. DU145 cells with high Bak level prefer apoptosis induction, whereas PC-3 cells with low Bak prefer the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, inhibiting nondominant death pathways, that is, autophagy in DU145 and apoptosis in PC-3, enhances cell killing by (-)-gossypol/sorafenib combination therapy. Ultimately, our data expose a new action for sorafenib as an enhancer of (-)-gossypol-induced cell growth suppression and reveal a novel cell death mode by Bak activation manners in AI-PCs. These new insights may facilitate the rational design of clinical trials by selecting patients most likely to benefit from the Bcl-2-targeted molecular therapy.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Androgens / metabolism
  • Animals
  • Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / therapeutic use*
  • Apoptosis / drug effects
  • Autophagy / drug effects
  • Benzenesulfonates / administration & dosage
  • Benzenesulfonates / pharmacology
  • Blotting, Western
  • Cell Line, Tumor
  • Cell Proliferation / drug effects*
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Drug Synergism
  • Female
  • Gossypol / administration & dosage
  • Gossypol / pharmacology
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Mice
  • Mice, Nude
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
  • Niacinamide / analogs & derivatives
  • Phenylurea Compounds
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / drug therapy*
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / metabolism
  • Prostatic Neoplasms / pathology
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / metabolism*
  • Pyridines / administration & dosage
  • Pyridines / pharmacology
  • Sorafenib
  • Time Factors
  • Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / metabolism*

Substances

  • Androgens
  • BAK1 protein, human
  • Benzenesulfonates
  • Mcl1 protein, mouse
  • Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein
  • Phenylurea Compounds
  • Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2
  • Pyridines
  • bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein
  • Niacinamide
  • Sorafenib
  • Gossypol