Objectives: Most studies examining factors contributing to cognitive impairments and dementia in late life focused on risks. In this study, we aimed to evaluate factors that might help preserve cognition in healthy Hong Kong elders.
Methods: This was a 2-year prospective study of 476 cognitively healthy community dwellers (aged 60-92 years) recruited in Hong Kong. Participants were assessed with a battery of cognitive tests and questionnaires on their sense of loneliness and leisure activities.
Results: A high level of cognitive activity participation (r = 0.13, p = 0.03) and a low level of loneliness (r = -0.15, p = 0.01) were associated with better cognitive test performance. Participants with more years of education (odds ratio = 1.27, P < 0.001) and a higher frequency of drinking (odds ratio = 1.17, p = 0.05) were associated with high cognitive function, while those with a high level of loneliness (odds ratio = 0.79, p = 0.01) were associated with low cognitive function. The correlation with cognitive activity participation remained significant in participants with very good cognitive function (r = 0.20, p = 0.04).
Conclusions: These results suggested that social engagement and moderate drinking may be modulating factors for cognition. Further studies should explore the interactions between lifestyle factors and cognition in older adults with no significant cognitive impairment.