T-2 toxin induced Salmonella Typhimurium intoxication results in decreased Salmonella numbers in the cecum contents of pigs, despite marked effects on Salmonella-host cell interactions

Vet Res. 2012 Mar 22;43(1):22. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-22.

Abstract

The mycotoxin T-2 toxin and Salmonella Typhimurium infections pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Interactions between both agents may result in a different outcome of the infection. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of low and relevant concentrations of T-2 toxin on the course of a Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs. We showed that the presence of 15 and 83 μg T-2 toxin per kg feed significantly decreased the amount of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria present in the cecum contents, and a tendency to a reduced colonization of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and colon contents was noticed. In vitro, proteomic analysis of porcine enterocytes revealed that a very low concentration of T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) affects the protein expression of mitochondrial, endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoskeleton associated proteins, proteins involved in protein synthesis and folding, RNA synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and regulatory processes. Similarly low concentrations (1-100 ng/mL) promoted the susceptibility of porcine macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells to Salmonella Typhimurium invasion, in a SPI-1 independent manner. Furthermore, T-2 toxin (1-5 ng/mL) promoted the translocation of Salmonella Typhimurium over an intestinal porcine epithelial cell monolayer. Although these findings may seem in favour of Salmonella Typhimurium, microarray analysis showed that T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) causes an intoxication of Salmonella Typhimurium, represented by a reduced motility and a downregulation of metabolic and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 genes. This study demonstrates marked interactions of T-2 toxin with Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenesis, resulting in bacterial intoxication.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animal Feed / analysis
  • Animals
  • Cecum / metabolism
  • Cecum / microbiology*
  • Cell Wall / microbiology
  • Cell Wall / ultrastructure
  • Colony Count, Microbial / veterinary
  • Cytokines / genetics*
  • Cytokines / metabolism
  • Diet / veterinary
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / veterinary
  • Epithelial Cells / metabolism
  • Epithelial Cells / microbiology
  • Female
  • Macrophages, Alveolar / metabolism
  • Macrophages, Alveolar / microbiology*
  • Male
  • Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / veterinary
  • Random Allocation
  • Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction / veterinary
  • Salmonella Infections, Animal / microbiology*
  • Salmonella typhimurium / physiology
  • Swine
  • Swine Diseases / genetics
  • Swine Diseases / metabolism
  • Swine Diseases / microbiology*
  • T-2 Toxin / pharmacology*

Substances

  • Cytokines
  • T-2 Toxin