Seventeen patients with deep second- and third-degree burn wounds have been grafted with cultured autologous epidermis. These epidermal cell sheets were cultivated according to the feeder layer technique as described by Rheinwald and Green. After dispase treatment and detachment from the culture vessel, the cell sheets, mounted on a polyamide mesh, were ready for grafting. Patients with wounds excised at an early stage, prepared with human cadaver allografts or synthetic dressings, showed a significantly better graft take than nonexcised, chronic granulating wounds which were grafted at a later stage (47% versus 15%; p less than 0.002). Sandwich treatment of expanded mesh autografts and cultured autograft overlay did not improve the graft take, although in some cases wound healing was accelerated. The graft take was inversely correlated with the age of the patient (p = 0.01), and showed a weak inverse correlation with the day of first (and subsequent) culture grafting (p = 0.07). Wound infection was the main cause of graft failure. Up to 4 years after grafting, the grafted areas showed continued stability and the regenerated skin became supple, smooth, and pliable. Hypertrophic scar formation was less than observed in comparable areas treated with meshed grafts. Wound contraction occurred approximately to the same extent as in split-thickness skin grafts. We emphasize that by a better control of wound infection the graft take, also in secondary-stage procedures, can significantly improve.