There is still some controversy about the treatment of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection and the treatment endpoints. A 48-year-old patient was treated with a combination of peginterferon-α and adefovir, and HDV RNA clearance occurred after 3 years of treatment. However, treatment was continued until HBs antigen (Ag) seroconversion, which occurred after 5 years of therapy. One year after the end of the treatment, the patient was still HBs Ag and HDV RNA negative. This case report suggests that combined peginterferon-α and adefovir may be effective in treating HDV infection and, if given over a longer period, may result in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion. It highlights the interest of using HBsAg quantification associated with a sensitive RT-PCR approach for monitoring the treatment of chronic hepatitis delta. HBsAg seroconversion, or at least significant decrease, could be a more relevant endpoint than HDV RNA undetectability for discontinuing HDV treatment and preventing the occurrence of virological relapses.
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