Within Eastern Europe/Central Asia's expanding HIV epidemic, relatively little is known about female sex workers (FSWs). Using mixed methods, we report on sex work context, HIV prevalence and contextual risk factors, and exposure to FSW-targeted prevention services among FSWs in Kazan, Krasnoyarsk, and Tomsk, Russia. Following a qualitative phase, FSWs (n = 754) were recruited via respondent-driven sampling for a cross-sectional survey with HIV screening in 2011. HIV was prevalent (3.9 %). In adjusted analyses, significant risk factors included injection drug use (IDU; AOR 5.85, 95 % CI 2.47, 14.43), client-perpetrated physical violence (AOR 2.52, 95 % CI 1.41, 4.51), and client-perpetrated sexual violence (vaginal AOR 3.77, 95 % CI 1.73, 8.22; anal AOR 4.80, 95 % CI 1.89, 12.19). FSW-targeted programming (reported by 75 %) was described as highly valuable, providing free, anonymous, and non-stigmatizing care. Findings confirm FSWs as a core HIV risk population in Russia, and demonstrate the need to support FSW-oriented HIV services. Such efforts should address violence against FSWs.